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考研英语长难句(范例15篇)
考研英语长难句1
The study shows that nearly half the organizations featured in the Times Top 100 Graduates Employers plan to expand their graduate programs this year, increasing the total number of vacancies available for new graduates by more than 10 percent compared with 20xx recruitment levels.
【核心词汇】graduate a.毕业生 v.毕业 vacancy n.空缺,空位 recruitment n.补充,征募新兵 compared with与……相比
【结构分析】本句是复合句。主干是主谓宾结构,其中谓语shows的宾语由that引导的名词性从句that nearly half the organizations featured in the Times Top 100 Graduates Employers plan to expand their graduate programs this year充当。现在分词结构increasing the total number of vacancies available for new graduates by more than 10 percent compared with 20xx recruitment levels作状语从句,可以理解为结果状语,by表示增加的幅度。句末的过去分词结构compared with 20xx recruitment levels作比较状语。
【参考译文】研究表明,《时代》重点介绍的'排名前100名的毕业生雇主单位中有将近一半计划今年将扩大毕业生招生规模,为新的毕业生增加利用的空缺职位数量,这个数量与20xx年的招募水平相比,会增加10%以上。
考研英语长难句2
By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent,
时间状语 主语 定语从句 谓语 宾语
higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
比较状语
译文:到1996年为止,1970年以前到达美国的境外移民中拥有房产的比例达到75.6%,高于本土美国人69.8%的比例。
分析:本句的主干结构为foreign-born immigrants…had a home ownership rate…。主语是foreign-born immigrants,后面的who had arrived before 1970是对主语进行补充说明,是关系代词who引导的定语从句,who指代前面的immigrants作从句的主语。higher than…Americans是比较状语,将移民和美国本土居民的房产所有率进行比较。
That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery
主语 谓语 原因状语从句 宾语从句 定语从句
comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.
条件状语从句
译文:而发现这些变化很重要,因为理论表明一个渔场只有将捕捞物种的生物量保持在原始基数的50%左右时,才能获得最大的可持续捕捞量。
分析: 本句的主干很短,只有That matters,其中代词that指代上句中提到的“海洋中发生的大规模变化”。Because引导原因状语从句,该从句的主干结构是“theory suggests + that引导的宾语从句”。该宾语从句的主干为the maximum sustainable yield…comes…。这个宾语从句还包含两个从句,一个是定语从句that can be cropped from a fishery,修饰的是yield;最后还有when引导的条件状语从句,说明这种yield出现的条件。
Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic
形式主语 系动词 表语 状语 主语从句1
assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust
主语从句2
than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
译文:即使是最笨的管理者也应该知道,信任是最有价值的.经济资产,它极易被破坏,并且恢复起来代价巨大——没有什么比任由敏感的个人信息落入不当之人的手中更能毁掉公司信誉的了。
分析:主句中it是形式主语,其后有两个由that引导的主语从句做真正的主语。主语从句1的主干是trust…is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore,trust后面的that most valuable of economic assets
是trust的同位语,用来补充说明trust的价值。主语从句2的主干是few things are more likely to destroy trust than…,和主语从句1之间用and连接。
Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black
主语 定语从句 宾语从句 时间状语
soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their
时间状语 谓语 宾语 后置定语 目的状语
freedom in his will.
译文:华盛顿看到黑人士兵在美国独立战争中的英勇表现后,开始相信人生而平等,因此他不顾亲人的极力反对,在遗嘱中给予了他的奴隶们自由。
分析:本句的主干是Washington…overcame the strong opposition…。Who引导的非限定性定语从句对先行词Washington做进一步的解释说明。该定语从句中,who代替Washington充当主语,谓语是had begun to believe,宾语是that引导的定语从句,after observin
考研英语长难句3
综观各类英语考试的试题,我们发现在阅读文章时往往会碰到许多结构复杂的句子。命题者在句子难度或长度上做文章,无非是想通过这种方式来干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式,从而达到考查考生阅读综合能力的目的。从根本上来说,要提高对长难句的理解并没有太多捷径,必须多看。现在离20xx年研究生入学考试不到一个月的时间,希望大家能在这段时间内坚持每天看一篇阅读理解题。
考试题并不是每一个长句都是难句,也不是每一个难句都会对我们的阅读理解造成障碍。考试时间有限,对于那些不影响理解全文或是与文后题目无关的.句子,无论多长我们都可以"视而不见",也只有这样,才可以集中火力去攻下那些真正的障碍。
理解长难句的关键是理清句子成分,抓住句子的关键部分。在分析时有如下一些原则需要把握:
第一,先结构,后意义:面对一个长句,我们不要立即开始逐字阅读,而应该先通过一些线索,比如固定结构、语法规则、标点符号等,确定这个句子的逻辑关系。
第二,先主干(主谓),后分支(定语、补语、同位语等)。
第三,只看需要看的分支:对于长句中的分支成分在第一遍阅读时可以暂时先不管,如果题目未涉及,则可以忽略不看。
下面我们将分别分析阅读中常见的几种类型的长句,希望大家能从中得到一些启示。
考研英语长难句4
It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was
主语+系动词 表语 时间状语从句 宾语从句 定语从句
himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.
宾语从句
译文:可是一想到为这些居民提供生计的莎士比亚本人也是演员(也留着胡须),也吵吵闹闹,就让人感觉这真是一种绝妙的讽刺。
分析:本句的主干为It’s…ironic…,是一个主系表结构。后面是when引导的时间状语从句,其中包括一个that引导的宾语从句,做consider的宾语;该宾语从句的主语是Shakespeare,谓语是and连接的was和did,who引导的非限定性定语从句修饰的是宾语从句的主语Shakespeare。
Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did,
时间状语 伴随状语 主语 谓语 宾语 目的状语 插入语
Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying
同位语 宾语从句1 宾语从句2 连词 宾语从句3
this but in living with it.
译文:今天,我们的周围充斥着简单幸福的许诺,我们需要艺术来告诉我们,正如宗教曾经告诉过我们的那样,死的象征:记住你终将死亡,一切都会结束,而幸福不会因否认这一点而到来,而是要接受这一事实。
分析:本句的主干是…we need art…。Today是时间状语,surrounded by…是伴随状语,to tell us…Memento mori是目的'状语,介词短语 as religion once did是插入语。随后的remember that…是Memento mori的同位语,用来解释这句拉丁语的含义。该同位语共包含三个 that引导的宾语从句,都做 remember的宾语。
考研英语长难句5
It is much easier to say “Great idea!” when a terrific solution has been put forward by someone on your team, than it is to take the time to explain why an employee’s favorite brainchild isn’t going anywhere except the circular file.
【核心词汇】
terrific a.极好的,很棒的
solution n.解决方案,溶液
favorite a.最喜爱的,中意的'
put forward提出
brainchild点子,想法
circular file废纸篓
【结构分析】
本句成分复杂。以逗号为切入点,得到一个比较级结构It is much easier to say “Great idea!” ...than...。It是形式主语,前半部分的真正主语由不定式结构to say “Great idea!”...充当,这里包含一个when引导的时间状语从句when a terrific solution has been put forward by someone on your team,使用了被动语态的现在完成时,在翻译时,我们将状语提前,且化被动为主动。后半部分真正主语为to take the time to explain...,explain后的宾语是why引导的宾语从句why an employee’s favorite brainchild isn’t going anywhere except the circular file。
【参考译文】
当团队中的某个人提出极好的解决方案时,说“好主意”要比花时间解释为什么一个职员最喜欢的想法最终被抛弃容易得多。
考研英语长难句6
Women who live in areas of high air pollution, exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fores, are at increased risk of heart disease and death, according to a study.
【核心词汇】
expose v.揭露,揭发;暴露
Invisible a.无形的,看不见的
Risk n.风险
According to 根据
【结构分析】
主系表结构。句子主干是women are at increased risk of heart disease and death,定语从句who live in areas of high air pollution修饰主语women,过去分词短语exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fores做主语women的后置定语,句子末尾的according to a study做全句的状语。
【参考译文】
根据一项研究,生活在空气污染严重地区的女性,暴露在车辆尾气、燃煤发电厂、森林火灾所产生和排放的无形的'微小颗粒中,患心脏病及死亡的风险增加。
考研英语长难句7
This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
词汇解析:discrimination 歧视;alphabet 字母表
主干识别:this refers to discrimination against those +定语从句。
其他成分:for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage 为插入语,改写为for those who are unaware of such a disadvantage as yet 理解起来会方便很多;as yet 至今; whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet 为定语从句。
微观解析:若是句子中的插入语理解起来有困难,不妨试着改变它的句式结构,将长定语还原为定语从句,而这种方法的逆向思维可以与写作相结合,使文章的句式更加灵活多变。
翻译:对于那些还不了解这种危害的.人来说,它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视
From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
单词解析:democratic民主的;populist平民主义的
主干识别:our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything+定语从句。
其他成分:says Hofstadter 为插入语; our democratic and populist urges have driven us to…可提炼出sth. has driven sb. to do…这个句型;that smells of elitism 为定语从句修饰anything (注意smell的介词搭配)。
微观解析:若是觉得插入语干扰了正常的理解,可将这个句子变为Hofstadter says, “From the beginning of our history, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.”这样的自由直接引语构成的宾语从句会降低句子的难度。
翻译:Hofstadter说,从我们历史之初起,我们对于民主化和大众化的苛求就迫使我们拒绝一切带有精英主义色彩的东西。
考研英语长难句8
英语句型看似复杂多变,其实源于两大钻石句型,即主谓宾(本句型总共有4种形式,分别因谓语动词的不同特点而决定谓语之后有无宾语或补足语,具体为:主语+谓语、主语+谓语+宾语、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,为了简明扼要的说明问题,本部分将其总结为一种句型“主语+谓语+宾语”)、主系表。每一成分皆可复杂化,由此加大了句子的理解难度。下面就演示一下这两大基本句型是如何扩展成复杂的长难句的。
钻石句型:①主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)
②主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)
一、句子扩展:修饰成分加长
(一)钻石句型①主谓宾句型
The boy (主语) likes (谓语) English (宾语).
1.主语扩展:
The clever boy likes English.
The boy with a book in his hand likes English.
The boy who is full of imagination likes English.
The clever boy who is full of imagination with a book in his hand likes English.
注:主语中心词为the boy, 可以通过加形容词、介词短语、定语从句及其组合等成分使主语复杂化,从而增加理解难度。考研翻译中的主语考点多为修饰成分繁多的主语。
2.谓语扩展:
The boy likes English very much.
The boy likes English out of interest.
The boy likes English influenced by his parents.
The boy likes English, hoping that one day he can go abroad.
The boy liked English when he was five years old.
注:谓语动词like通过添加副词短语、介词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、状语从句等进行扩展,从而使句子变得复杂,增加了理解难度。考研翻译中注意找准动词及其修饰成分,以弄清逻辑关系。
3.宾语扩展:
The boy likes American English.
The boy likes English, the international language.
The boy likes English which is the most widely spoken language in the world.
The boy likes English spoken by many people nowadays.
The boy likes English, a beautiful language, spoken by many people living in every corner of the world.
注:宾语English通过添加形容词(短语)、同位语、定语从句、分词短语及其组合进行扩展,从而使简单句变得复杂化。考研翻译中要注意这些修饰成分,如分词结构要找出逻辑主语等,定语从句要找出先行词,等等。
(二)钻石句型②主系表句型
The girl (主语) is (系动词) Mary (表语).
各部分扩展:
The girl in a pink hat with a book in her hand is probably Mary a kind-hearted girl of inexhaustible energy which often amazes her classmates.
注:此句的扩展同上(也是通过添加修饰成分变复杂),不再赘述。
二、句子扩展:成分替换
句子的复杂不仅体现在修饰成分繁多上,还体现在句子成分本身的复杂化上,下面就通过句子成分由简单到复杂的替换来演示句子是如何变难的。
(一)钻石句型①主谓宾句型
主语扩展:
The event amazed the world.
What happened on July 15, 20xx amazed the world.
To hold the 20xx Olympics in China amazes the world.
Holding the 20xx Olympics in China amazed the world.
That China is to hold the 20xx Olympics amazes the world.
注:由此可见,充当主语的除了简单的名词(短语)、代词、数词,还可以是形式比较复杂的动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、主语从句。考研翻译中明确这一点,才能打开思路,更好地划分句子成分,从而做到真正理解句意,进而很好的用汉语表达出来。
宾语扩展:
He can hear me.
He can hear the strange sound.
He can hear anything happening in the building.
He can hear the sound from that building.
He can hear a girl crying in the building.
He can hear whatever happens in the building.
He decided to check what’s going on in the building.
He considered going to the building for a look.
注:由此可见,充当宾语的除了简单的名词(短语)、代词、数词,还有形式比较复杂的动词不定式(短语),动名词(短语),宾语从句。同样的,考研翻译中明确这一点也非常重要,有助于打开思路,理清句子成分。
(二)钻石句型②主系表句型
主语扩展:钻石句型①中的主语扩展(成分替换)已经很明确了,此处不再重复。
表语扩展:
They are beautiful.
They are in the zoo.
They are beautiful animals in the zoo.
They are interested in the new invention.
To see is to believe.
That is what we are talking about.
注:由此可见,充当表语的成分繁多,有形容词(短语),介词短语,动词不定式(短语),分词(短语),名词,表语从句。考研翻译中若这些充当表语的.成分变得更长一些,要注意识别。 三、示例
通过下面这个例子,并结合以上句子的扩展,体验一下英文句子的各个成分及结构。
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
解析:
并列句。第一个分句主干:science does provide us。其中with the best available guide to the future为状语修饰provide, the best available和to the future分别为guide的前置定语和后置定语,由此本句宾语被复杂化: 第二个分句主干:it is critical that...,其中,it为形式主语,that从句为真正的主语,从句主语为名词短语our nation and the world, base...on...为固定搭配,第二个that从句为judgments的定语从句,分词结构concerning...为judgments的后置定语。
考研英语长难句9
历年来考生们最重视的应该是阅读理解部分,往往阅读的好差直接影响我们最终的成绩。阅读部分占考研英语总分值的40%,可谓成也阅读,败也阅读。所以一般来说,考生会花费大部分的精力在阅读的解题当中。当然如果我们能够掌握好的学习方法,阅读并没有那么难,早些开始复习尤其对英语基础较差的学生来说很重要。
那么我们最开始复习的时候是不提倡考生们直接做真题的。历年真题阅读一般都是从一些期刊中摘抄出来的比如The New York Times, Newsweek, The economist. 所以建议广大考生平时多读这些刊物,来提升阅读。下边为大家详细分析了这些书刊中的几个长难句。
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.
单词:cognitive 认知的(后天习得的)
intuitive 先天的
coupled with意思和and一样,同样的表达还有along with, Combined with
主干识别:句子的主语是this success和 later research;谓语是led;宾语是Ericson;不定式短语to conclude 作状语;主干结构是:this success and later research led Ericson to conclude that...
句子解析:research 后边接了一个现在分词短语做后置定语,在这个现在分词短语中,that引导的从句做showing的宾语;再不定式短语中that引导的从句做conclude的宾语;more…than…,结构翻译成 与其说…不如说…
翻译:这种成功和后来表明记忆本身并不是先天决定的`研究是爱立信总结道: 记忆的行为与其说是一种先天的行为,不如说是一种习得的行为
2 sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want
词汇
hear-scratching令人头疼的
puzzlement困惑
句子分析:主干句是:this project has turned out to be findings.sad to say插入语,遗憾地说,combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement 非谓语结构作定语(修饰findings), about what in the world those readers really want 介词短语,about+句子,句子是由what引导的宾语,in the world为状语。
翻译:遗憾地说,这个项目最终被证明是一个很低级的研究,他只着眼于事实型的错误,拼写和语法的问题,以及很多关于读者究竟想要什么的困惑。
考研英语长难句10
The comments attributed to Jobs are perhaps no great surprise, not least because Apple is currently pursuing a number of lawsuits against smartphone makers who have opted to use Android—main market rival Samsung being the most notable target.
【核心词汇】
currently ad.当前,现在
purse v.继续,从事
rival n.对手,竞争者
notable a.值得注意的,显著的
target n. 目标,靶子
attribute to认为是……所有,归因于
a number of 许多
【结构分析】
句子主干是The comments attributed to Jobs are perhaps no great surprise,attributed to Jobs(理解难点)为过去分词短语做定语修饰The comments。Not least because引导原因状语从句,往后引导定语从句,修饰makers, main market rival Samsung being the most notable target为独立主格结构。
【参考译文】这些被认为是乔布斯所发表的`评论或许并不十分令人意外,尤其是因为苹果正在针对选择使用安卓系统的那些智能手机制造商发起多项诉讼,其主要的市场竞争对手三星是最显著的被打击对象。
考研英语长难句11
考研英语长难句拆分信号:
1、标点符号:比如,2个逗号形成插入语,破折号表示解释说明,分号相当于“and”表示并列;
2、连词:并列句的并列连词and、or、but、yet、for等,从句的从属连词which、that、when、how、if等;
3、介词:介词引导介词短语,介词短语在句子中可充当定语、状语等修饰成分;
4、不定式符号to:不定式符号to引导不定式短语,在句子中除了可以充当主语、宾语、表语、补语等主干成分外,还可做定语、状语等修饰成分;
5、分词:分词包括现在分词和过去分词,在句子中可充当定语和状语修饰成分。
下面我们就按照长难句拆分原则,依照这些拆分信号,结合考研英语阅读或翻译真题中的长难句进行实战演练一下吧!
1、{C}This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
(1)句子拆分
拆分点:从属连词、介词、标点符号
This trend began∥during the Second World War,∥when several governments came to the conclusion∥that the specific demands∥that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen∥in detail.
(2)句子结构
找谓语动词(began, came, wants, cannot be foreseen);
↓
找连词(when, that, that)
↓
前面没有从属连词的动词即为主句的谓语动词
↓
确定主从句
主句:This trend began during the Second World War;
从句:定语从句when several governments came to the conclusion修饰the Second World War,本从句嵌套着一个二级从句即同位语从句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail修饰conclusion和一个三级从句that引导的定语从句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修饰demands。
(3)解析
during the Second World War介词短语做状语;when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail做定语修饰the Second World War;that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail同位语从句修饰conclusion;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修饰demands。
(4)本句的参考译文
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府向科研机构提出的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
总之,只要考生对句子结构有个透彻的.理解,弄清句子的各个成分,并可以借助连词、介词、非谓语动词等手段把句子由简单变得复杂,由复杂变得简单,这样句子结构分析技能提高了,长难句也就攻克了,对于考研阅读和翻译的理解也就简单了。
考研英语长难句12
On the face of it, that doesn’t seem especially surprising: we feel strong emotion at important events, which are obviously more memorable than ordinary moments.
【核心词汇】
especially ad.特别,尤其
emotion n.情感,情绪
event n.事件,大事
memorable a.显著的,难忘的'
【结构分析】主句是that doesn’t seem especially surprising,句首的On the face of it做全句的状语,冒号后we feel strong emotion at important events是对主句的解释说明,非限定性定语从句which are obviously more memorable than ordinary moments修饰events。
【参考译文】乍看起来,那似乎不会使我们特别吃惊:在重大事件上我们会感到强烈的感情冲击——重大事件显然比平常日子让人记忆深刻。
考研英语长难句13
1、If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
[译文]如果新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键,它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目, 这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工,而进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的各种记者。
[分析]本句是一个虚拟语句。it 代表上文提到的 atroubled business,即“问题重重的新闻界”。主语it 跟了两个并列的谓语成分:一是 would open up its diversity program,二是(would)look forreporters。reporters后面跟了一个定语从句。now focused narrowly on race and gender 是插入语,作 program的定语。
2、For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “ Succeed at allcosts but avoid appearing ambitious. ”
[译文]对于这样的人,以及更多也许不太出色的人而言,恰当的`行为准则是: “不惜一切代价获得成功,但要避免让人看出雄心勃勃。”
[分析]For suchpeople and many more perhaps not so exceptional 是句子的状语,主语是 the properformulation,谓语是系动词 is,表语是引号里的内容。
3、International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.
[译文]在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的国家的经济中,跨国公司的分支机构已经成为经济领域中一个快速增长的生产部门。
[分析]本句的主干是International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production ineconomies,后面的 that open up and welcome foreign investment 是 economies 的定语从句。注意一些词汇的含义:affiliate是名词,意为 “分支机构” , 此处是指在世界各地都有分支的多国公司, 并且是全句的主语;account for 是“……的原因” ;economies 在此处指经济领域的国家概念,因此用复数。
4、I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower tradeand investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operationscapable of meeting customers demands.
[译文]我认为引起这场合并浪潮的最重要力量与导致全球一体化的力量是相同的: 运输通信费用下降;贸易与投资障碍减少;市场扩大。这一切都需要扩大业务往来满足消费者的需求。这对消费者只会有利而不会有害。
[分析]本句是一个嵌套宾语从句, 不过也并不难理解。 主句是 I believe that, that 后面是 I believe的内容。第二个宾语从句修饰的是 same,即 the same that underlie the globalization process。冒号的内容则进一步说明globalization process 的内容。
5、And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the US vs. Microsoft case?
[译文]在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中,如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案,一个国家是否应该担负起“保护竞争”的责任呢?
[分析]此句的主干是should one country take upon itself the role, 而 that affect manyother nations 是 issues的定语从句。as in the US vs. Microsoft case 是 issues 的补语。on issues是 take upon itself the role 的状语。注意在阅读本句的时候要抓住它本身是一个文句, 另外,vs.的意思对正确理解也很重要,它是指 “对垒, 对阵” ,在法律的情景中就是“起诉,对簿公堂”的意思。
考研英语长难句14
The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
译文:作为环境研究的先驱者,斯坦福大学的Paul Ehrlich认为,科学的真正的敌人是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和工业发展带来的其他后果表示怀疑的人。
分析:这个句子主语和谓语成了类似插入语的成分,插在了句子中间,表明的是发表这个观点的是什么人(姓名与身份)。而该句的主要内容在于argue所跟的宾语从句。这个宾语从句中的宾语those有一个who引导的较长的定语从句,其中who是主语,question是谓语,the evidence是宾语,宾语后面跟的'现在分词短语修饰的是evidence,这个现在分词supporting后面跟了三个并列宾语。
【词汇指南】
摘自《十天搞定考研词汇》(王江涛、刘文涛)
Stanford University 美国斯坦福大学
environmental [in,vairn'mentl](adj.)环境的;有关环境(保护)的(CET-6、考研词汇)(20xx年-阅读3)(al-形容词后缀)
考点搭配:be environmentally sound 无害环境的(20xx年-阅读2)
question['kwestn](n.)问题,疑问(v.)询问,探问;质疑(中考词汇)(20xx年-阅读2、20xx年-阅读2、20xx年-阅读4)
1个派生词:
● questionable ['kwestnbl](adj.)可疑的,不可靠的;成问题的(CET-6、考研词汇)(20xx年-阅读1)(question-问题,疑问,able-可以的 → 可疑的,不可靠的;成问题的)
support [s'p:t](vt.)支撑;支持,拥护;供养(高考词汇)(20xx年-阅读1、20xx年-阅读4)(sup-下,port-词根,拿来 → 从“下面”拿住、保持住——即“支撑”,引申为“支持,拥护;供养”。因为“供养”说白了就是“支撑”、养活家庭。近义词:sustain)
考点搭配:receive support from 获得…的支持(20xx年-阅读1)
1个派生词:
● supportive [s'p:tiv](adj.)支撑的;支持的(20xx年-阅读3、20xx年-阅读2、20xx年-阅读2、20xx年-阅读3、20xx年-阅读4)
考点搭配:
supportive adult 提供支持的成年人(20xx年-完型)
be supportive of 支持…(20xx年-阅读2)
lay [lei](vt.)放置,铺设;设置;躺下(中考词汇)(20xx年-阅读3)(la=land-土地,地面;y=ify-动词后缀 → 放在地上——即“放置,铺设”,引申为“设置”和“躺下”。)
考点搭配:get laid off 解雇,下岗(20xx年-阅读3)(注意,laid是lay的过去式和过去分词)
industry ['indstri](n.)① 工业;产业,行业 ② 勤奋(中考词汇)(20xx年-阅读1、20xx年-阅读2、20xx年-阅读4、20xx年-阅读1、20xx年-阅读2)(in-向里,dust-灰尘,烟尘,ry-名词后缀 → 向空气中排放大量的烟尘——即“工业”,引申为“产业,行业”。而该词之所以还表示“勤奋”,源于工业社会,人人勤奋,惰者淘汰!)
考点搭配:
auto industry 汽车工业(20xx年-阅读3)
data-rich industries 数据丰富的行业(20xx年-阅读4)
building industry 建筑行业(20xx年-阅读3)
1个派生词:
ɡrow[ɡru](v.)生长,发育;发展;成为(中考词汇)(20xx年-阅读3)(有学者认为,该词具有象形色彩。其中,ɡ-花蕊,r-小草,o-太阳,w-水 → 在太阳和雨水的滋润下,花蕊和小草茁壮“生长”,后引申为“发展”和“成为”。)
考点搭配:
slow-growing animals 生长缓慢的动物(20xx年-阅读3)
a growing number of越来越多的(20xx年-阅读3)
1个派生词:
●ɡrowth [ɡruθ](n.)生长,发育;增长,发展(高考词汇)(20xx年-阅读3)(该词是ɡrow的名词形式,th-名词后缀)
考研英语长难句15
1、标点符号:
比如,2个逗号形成插入语,破折号表示解释说明,分号相当于“and”表示并列;
2、连词:
并列句的并列连词and、or、but、yet、for等,从句的从属连词which、that、when、how、if等;
3、介词:
介词引导介词短语,介词短语在句子中可充当定语、状语等修饰成分;
4、不定式符号to:
不定式符号to引导不定式短语,在句子中除了可以充当主语、宾语、表语、补语等主干成分外,还可做定语、状语等修饰成分;
5、分词:
分词包括现在分词和过去分词,在句子中可充当定语和状语修饰成分。
下面我们就按照长难句拆分原则,依照这些拆分信号,结合考研英语阅读或翻译真题中的长难句进行实战演练一下吧!
1、This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
(1)句子拆分
拆分点:从属连词、介词、标点符号
This trend began ∥during the Second World War, ∥ when several governments came to the conclusion ∥that the specific demands ∥that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen ∥in detail.
(2)句子结构
找谓语动词(began, came, wants, cannot be foreseen);
↓
找连词(when, that, that)
↓
前面没有从属连词的动词即为主句的谓语动词
↓
确定主从句
主句:This trend began during the Second World War ;
从句:定语从句when several governments came to the conclusion修饰the Second World War,本从句嵌套着一个二级从句即同位语从句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail修饰conclusion和一个三级从句that引导的定语从句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修饰demands。
(3)解析
during the Second World War介词短语做状语;when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail 做定语修饰the Second World War ;that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail同位语从句修饰conclusion ;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修饰demands。
(4)本句的参考译文
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的`政府得出结论:政府向科研机构提出的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
总之,只要考生对句子结构有个透彻的理解,弄清句子的各个成分,并可以借助连词、介词、非谓语动词等手段把句子由简单变得复杂,由复杂变得简单,这样句子结构分析技能提高了,长难句也就攻克了,对于考研阅读和翻译的理解也就简单了。
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